The report of G. Krivosheev shows that of all the men serving in the military during the war, there were about 4,, reported missing including 3,, per field reports and an additional 1,, estimated by Krivosheev , out of which , were missing and presumed dead, , were conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated, 1,, returned to the U. Discharged during war of 9,, includes sent on sick leave 3,,; transferred to work in industry, anti-aircraft defense and armed guards 3,,; sent to NKVD troops and organs 1,,; transferred to Polish, Czechoslovak and Romanian armies ,; imprisoned ,; discharged ,; missing in rear areas , Krivosheev's group estimated losses for the early part of the war, because in the crucial period of no surrounded or defeated divisions sent any reports on their casualties, the field reports from that period regarded by military historians as being unreliable.
According to the field reports the number of wounded and sick was 18,,, however the records of the military medical service show a total of 22,, According to Krivosheev the difference can be explained by the fact that the sick and wounded figures of the medical service include sick personnel who did not take part in the fighting.
Source: G. Krivosheev's analysis has generally been accepted by historians, however his study has been disputed by some independent researchers in Russia. Krivosheev's analysis puts Soviet military POW dead at about 1.
According to the reconciliation of Krivosheev's figures by Lopukhovsky and Kavalerchik 4,, were taken as POW, , were later liberated during the war and drafted again; 1,, were liberated after the war; , emigrated after the war, 1,, were released during the war by the Germans' less , escaped and , were dead as POW 5. This figure was derived by Lopukhovsky and Kavalerchik.
In fact Krivoshhev wrote According to German sources , died in captivity. In the late Dr. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University [33] published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics, From to Mikhalev was an associate of the Institute of Military History of the Ministry of Defence.
Mikalev estimated actual Soviet military war dead at more than He maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated. Mikhalev believed that the official figure of In the Russian Academy of Science published his analysis of the demographic balance of the USSR in the war that indicated total losses ranging from Mikhalev pointed out that the figures for total war deaths are based on a range of possible estimates for the pre-war population in and the population of the annexed territories that are by no means certain.
The following schedule shows the reconciliation of losses of the field reports to the actual number of mobilized persons [35] [36] [37]. Strength Red Army June Mikhalev excludes Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports. Drafted during war -Excludes those drafted twice. Discharged during war-Includes those sent on sick leave, those sent to industry, NKVD or foreign units and , imprisoned after sentencing D. Red Army strength June Mikhalev excludes , Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports and , imprisoned after sentencing already deducted in number of discharged E.
Conscripted reservists captured in before being listed on active strength. Mikhalev maintains that they were a military operational losses that should be included with total casualties F. MIA Re-conscripted were men conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated. Mikhalev maintains that they should not be deducted because were included in the Red Army strength in June and that the number conscripted excludes those drafted twice.
Losses in the Far East August Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June The analysis of Krivosheev and Mikhalev is based on the field reports of the Red Army and the reconciliation of the balance for persons conscripted.
An alternative method to determine Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives database of individual war dead. He believes the work has progressed to the point where we can determine an accurate accounting of war losses. Some researchers in Russia dispute the official figures of 8. These critics base their arguments on their own analysis of documents in the Soviet archives and on alternative demographic models of the Soviet population during the Stalin era.
They maintain that the Russian government should conduct new investigations on losses suffered in the war. In midthere were 8. In G. Krivosheev , author of the official study of military casualties, defended the results of his report that found 8. Krivosheev maintains that the figures were derived in a scientific manner by a team of professional researchers who had access to the military archives. He also maintains that the results of the study reflect a realistic view of casualties based on the military operational situation during the war.
Krivosheev believes that the Central Archives data base of individual war dead is not reliable because some personnel records are duplicated and others omitted [62]. Tanya Savicheva Diary. In a paper published by the Russian Academy of Science M. Philimoshin put the civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany at Philimoshin cited sources from Soviet era to support his figures, he used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.
Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major part of the huge toll. Krivosheev in the report on military casualties gives a total of 1,, POW dead. The total of these two figures is 3,,, which is in close agreement with estimates by western historians of about 3 million deaths of prisoners in German captivity. According to M. Philimoshin there were in addition to the above losses civilian deaths during the Siege of Leningrad ; , due to starvation and 17, killed by artillary fire.
Also these figures do not include an additional , persons who did not return to the USSR after Saint-Petersburg, ISBN -M. Russian demographers E.
Andreev, L. Darski and T. They estimated total Soviet population losses of This is the current official Russian government figure for total losses. The main areas of uncertainty when calculating losses were the estimated figures for increase in the Soviet population in the territories annexed from — and the loss of population due to emigration during and after the war.
The figures also include victims of Soviet repression as well as the deaths of Soviet citizens in German military service. We do know that the demographic estimate of excess deaths was At this time the actual total number of deaths caused by the war is unknown since among the Moscow, Nauka, Source:Andreev, EM, et al. Age Group The deaths of 2. Age Group The excess deaths of , males compared to females was due primarily to military losses.
The draft age in the USSR was 18 during the war. Age Group The excess deaths of 6,, males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. The deaths of 2,, women is an indication that women were also involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals.
Age Group The excess deaths of 5,, males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. Age Group over 49 The excess deaths of 1,, males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. Some men from the older age group did serve in the Armed Forces.
They were involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals. Many never returned. Precise casualty numbers for WWII are impossible to determine for most countries, whose stat-keeping capabilities faltered as nations rose and fell, borders changed, populations shifted, and vast numbers of soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or declared missing in action. That caveat aside, the most up-to-date estimates calculate that between 70 million and 85 people died in World War II.
Surprisingly, more than twice as many civilians died in World War II than did members of the military. Current estimates place military deaths between 21 million and By comparison, civilian deaths include 29 million to Dutch East Indies Indonesia — 3 million to 4 million. French Indochina Laos , Cambodia , part of Vietnam — 1 million to 2. General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung. Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons. The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China and in early conflicts against the Soviets.
Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and sometimes on prisoners of war. The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22, Polish officers and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army.
The mass-bombing of civilian areas, notably the cities of Warsaw, Rotterdam and London, included the aerial targeting of hospitals and fleeing refugees by the German Luftwaffe, along with the bombings of Tokyo and the German cities of Dresden, Hamburg, and Cologne by the Western Allies.
These bombings may be considered war crimes. The latter resulted in the destruction of more than cities and the death of more than , German civilians. However, no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II.
The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust, the killing of approximately 6 million Jews, 2. About 12 million, mostly Eastern Europeans, were employed in the German war economy as forced laborers. In addition to Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet gulags labor camps led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German prisoners of war POWs and Soviet citizens who were thought to be Nazi supporters.
Of the 5. Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators, and some were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD.
Japanese POW camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also had high death rates.
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