Pine Log Creek watershed upstream from Georgia Hwy. Rocky Creek watershed upstream from Gordon County Road Salacoa Creek watershed upstream from U. Snake Creek watershed. Chattahoochee River watershed upstream from Georgia Hwy. Nancytown Creek watershed upstream from Nancytown Lake. Toccoa Creek watershed. Beach Creek watershed upstream from Haralson County Road Mann Creek watershed upstream from Haralson County Road Tallapoosa River watershed upstream from Haralson County Road Tallapoosa Creek watershed.
Savannah River. Cane Creek watershed upstream from Cane Creek Falls. Etowah River watershed upstream from the Georgia Hwy. Hurricane Creek watershed upstream from Lumpkin County Road Cane Creek watershed upstream from Georgia Hwy. Yahoola Creek watershed upstream from Georgia Hwy. Conasauga River watershed, including - Jacks River watershed, upstream from Georgia-Tennessee state line.
Holly Creek watershed upstream from Murray County Rd. SR U. Forest Service line. Rock Creek watershed upstream from Murray County Rd. All tributaries to Carters Reservoir.
Mill Creek watershed upstream from Murray County Road Sugar Creek watershed upstream from Murray County Road 4. Sumac Creek watershed upstream from Coffey Lake.
Rock Creek watershed upstream of Murray County Road Possum Creek watershed upstream from Paulding County Road Powder Creek Powder Springs Creek watershed.
Pumpkinvine Creek watershed upstream from Paulding County Road East Branch watershed including Darnell Creek watershed. Scarecorn Creek watershed upstream from Georgia Hwy.
Cedar Creek watershed upstream from Polk County Road Fish Creek watershed upstream of Plantation Pipeline. Pumpkinpile Creek watershed upstream from Road SR Simpson Creek watershed upstream of Lake Dorene. Thompson Creek watershed upstream of Polk County Road Chattooga River - all tributaries classified as primary. Little Tennessee River - entire stream and tributaries classified as primary except all streams or sections thereof classified as secondary.
Tallulah River - entire stream and tributaries classified as primary except the Tallulah River downstream from Lake Rabun Dam to headwaters of Tugaloo Lake. Little Tennessee River downstream from U. Panther Creek watershed upstream from the mouth of Davidson Creek.
Leatherwood Creek watershed upstream from Georgia Hwy. Panther Creek watershed downstream from the mouth of Davidson Creek. Toccoa Creek upstream from Toccoa Falls. Hiawassee River watershed - entire stream and all tributaries classified as primary except all streams or sections thereof classified as secondary. Hightower Creek downstream from the mouth of Little Hightower Creek. Coosa Creek watershed upstream from mouth of Anderson Creek. Nottely River watershed upstream from the mouth of Town Creek.
Youngcane Creek watershed upstream from the mouth of Jones Creek. All streams or sections thereof except the Butternut Creek watershed and the Nottely River downstream of Nottely Dam and those classified as primary. Chattanooga Creek watershed upstream of Walker County Road Dry Creek watershed tributary to East Armuchee Creek. East Armuchee Creek watershed upstream from Georgia Hwy. Left Fork Coulter Branch watershed. Little Chickamauga Creek watershed. Town Creek watershed upstream from the mouth of Jenny Creek.
Little Tesnatee Creek watershed upstream from the mouth of Turner Creek. Turner Creek watershed except as listed under primary above Turner Creek nearest to Cleveland city limits. Coahulla Creek watershed upstream from Whitfield County Road Swamp Creek watershed upstream from Whitfield County Road 9.
Waters Generally Supporting Shellfish. The waters listed below are either productive shellfish waters or have the potential to support shellfish. However, it may not be lawful to harvest shellfish from all of the waters listed below.
For a current list of approved waters for harvesting, contact the Coastal Resources Division. Wilmington River at confluence with Herb River and eastward. Vernon River at Vernonburg and eastward. Ogeechee River below Shad Island and eastward north of center line. All waters surrounding Ossabaw Island and Wassaw Island to the center line of the intracoastal waterway. Ogeechee River below Shad Island and eastward south of center line.
Redbird Creek at Cottonham and eastward. All waters west of main channel center line of intracoastal waterway to confluence of Medway River. Medway River at south confluence of Sunbury Channel and East Channel and eastward north of center line.
Medway River at south confluence of Sunbury Channel and East Channel and eastward south of center line. All other waters east and north of Colonels Island.
All waters surrounding Creighton Island. Darien River from confluence with Three Mile Cut to intracoastal waterway. Rockdedundy River from confluence with Darien River to intracoastal waterway. South River at confluence of intracoastal waterway to Doboy Sound. Dog Hammock to confluence with Sapelo River. Eagle Creek to confluence with Mud River. All waters surrounding St. Simons Island and Little St.
All waters surrounding Andrews Island excluding Academy Creek. South Brunswick River and drainage system to confluence of Brunswick River.
Simons Sound. Andrews Sound north of center line. Andrews Sound south of center line , excluding Maiden Creek. Andrews Sound. Cumberland River from confluence of St. Andrews Sound to confluence with St. Marys River north of center line. North River from County Road 75 to confluence with St. Marys River. All waters surrounding Cumberland Island. In addition to the general criteria, the following lake specific criteria are deemed necessary and shall be required for the specific water usage as shown: a.
Chlorophyll a: For the months of April through October, the average of monthly photic zone composite samples shall not exceed the chlorophyll a concentrations at the locations listed below more than once in a five-year period.
Total Nitrogen: Not to exceed 4. Total Phosphorous: Total lake loading shall not exceed 2. Temperature: Water temperature shall not exceed the Recreation criterion as presented in Major Lake Tributaries: For the following tributaries, the annual total phosphorus loading to West Point Lake shall not exceed the following: 1.
Lake Walter F. George: Those waters impounded by Walter F. George Dam and upstream to Georgia Highway 39 near Omaha. Total Nitrogen: Not to exceed 3. Georgia Highway 39 to Cowikee Creek: Bacteria shall not exceed the Fishing criterion as presented in Cowikee Creek to Walter F. George Dam: E. Dissolved Oxygen: A daily average of no less than 5.
George, monitored at the Chattahoochee River at Georgia Highway 39, shall not exceed 2,, pounds. Total Phosphorous: Total lake loading shall not exceed 5. Bacteria: E. Major Lake Tributaries: For the following major tributaries, the annual total phosphorous loading to Lake Jackson shall not exceed the following: 1. Other impounded tributaries to an elevation of feet mean sea level corresponding to the normal pool elevation of Lake Allatoona.
Chlorophyll a: For the months of April through October, the average of monthly mid-channel photic zone composite samples shall not exceed the chlorophyll a concentrations at the locations listed below more than once in a five-year period: 1. Total Phosphorous: Total lake loading shall not exceed 1.
Temperature: 1. Major Lake Tributaries: For the following major tributaries, the annual total phosphorous loading to Lake Allatoona shall not exceed the following: 1. Total Phosphorous: Total lake loading shall not exceed 0. Major Lake Tributaries: For the following major tributaries, the annual total phosphorous loading to Lake Sidney Lanier shall not exceed the following: 1.
Chattahoochee River at Belton Bridge Road:. Carters Lake: Those waters impounded by Carters Dam and upstream on the Coosawattee River as well as other impounded tributaries to an elevation of feet mean sea level corresponding to the normal pool elevation of Carters Lake.
Carters Lake upstream from Woodring Branch:. Total Phosphorous: Total lake loading shall not exceed , pounds or 0. Major Lake Tributaries: For the following major tributaries, the annual total phosphorous loading at the compliance monitoring location shall not exceed the following: 1.
Lake Oconee: Those waters impounded by Wallace Dam and upstream on the Oconee River as well as other impounded tributaries to an elevation of feet mean sea level corresponding to the normal pool elevation of Lake Oconee. Total Phosphorous: Not to exceed a growing season average of 0.
Lake Sinclair: Those waters impounded by Sinclair Dam and upstream on the Oconee River as well as other impounded tributaries to an elevation of feet mean sea level corresponding to the normal pool elevation of Lake Sinclair. All terms used in the Paragraph shall be interpreted in accordance with the definitions as set forth in the Act unless otherwise herein defined in this Paragraph or in any other Paragraph of these Rules.
Any marine toilet or other disposal unit located on or within any boat operated on waters of this State shall have securely affixed to the interior discharge toilet or unit a suitable marine sanitation device designed, constructed, and operated in accordance with requirements prescribed herein. All sewage passing into or through the marine toilet or other disposal unit shall discharge solely to the marine sanitation device.
This Paragraph shall not apply to ocean going vessels of 20 tons displacement or more. Waste Treatment Devices and Equipment. All discharges from marine sanitation devices into or upon the waters of this State shall be in compliance with the Federal standards of performance and regulations for marine sanitation devices promulgated pursuant to Section of the Federal Act.
For vessels on the lakes listed in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated Section c as amended, it shall be unlawful for any person to operate or float a vessel having a marine toilet unless such marine toilet only discharges into a holding tank located on the vessel.
It is further required that: 1. Such holding tank be constructed so as to prevent removal of the sewage held therein except by pumping:. The holding tank be properly vented to the outside air in such fashion as not to foul the interior of the boat structure;. Only those chemicals approved by the Division can be added to the holding tank; and. The contents of the holding tank must be disposed of only through onshore facilities approved by the Division. For vessels on the lakes referenced in paragraph 4 b of this section constructed on or before January 1, , an extension shall be granted until December 31, for compliance with paragraph 4 b of this section.
The Burden of Proof regarding the construction date of the vessel is the responsibility of the vessel owner. During the extension period those vessels found in violations of the provisions of the law will be issued a warning which will serve to notify each boater of the requirements to comply with paragraph 4 b of this section.
Right to Entry. Personnel of the Division or other duly authorized agents of the Department shall have access to any boat at reasonable times for the purposes of the determining whether or not there is compliance with the provisions of the Act and the rules of the Division.
This paragraph shall become effective twenty days after filing with the Secretary of State's Office. The purpose of Paragraph All terms used in this Paragraph shall be interpreted in accordance with the definitions as set forth in the Act unless otherwise defined in this Paragraph or in any other Paragraph of these Rules.
Any discharge of raw sewage that 1 is in excess of 10, gallons or 2 results in water quality violations in the waters of the State. Notice Concerning Endangering Waters of the State. Whenever, because of an accident or otherwise, any toxic or taste and color producing substance, or any other substance which would endanger downstream users of the waters of the State or would damage property, is discharged into such waters, or is so placed that it might flow, be washed, or fall into them, it shall be the duty of the person in charge of such substances at the time to forthwith notify the Division in person or by telephone of the location and nature of the danger, and it shall be such person's further duty to immediately take all reasonable and necessary steps to prevent injury to property and downstream users of said water.
The owner of a POTW shall immediately notify the Division, in person or by telephone, when a spill or a major spill occurs in the system. Within five 5 days of the incident, the owner of the POTW shall submit a written report to the Division which includes, at a minimum, the information required in 3 e below.
The spill notification and report may be submitted electronically, as approved or required by the Division. The owner of a POTW responsible for a major spill shall publish a notice of the major spill in the legal organ of the County where the incident occurred. The notice shall be published within seven days after the date of the major spill.
The notice at a minimum shall include the following: 1. Estimated volume discharged and name of receiving waters;. Corrective action taken to mitigate or reduce the adverse effects of the major spill. The owner of a POTW shall immediately establish a monitoring program of the waters affected by a major spill or by consistently exceeding an effluent limit, with such monitoring being at the expense of the POTW for at least one year. The monitoring program shall include an upstream sampling point as well as sufficient downstream locations to accurately characterize the impact of the major spill or the consistent exceedance of effluent limitations as described in 2 c above.
At a minimum the following parameters shall be monitored in the receiving stream: 1. The Division and the owner of a POTW will provide notice of a major spill within hours of becoming aware of the major spill to every county, municipality or other public agency whose public water supply is within a distance of 20 miles downstream and to any others which could potentially be affected by the major spill. The owner of a POTW responsible for a spill or a major spill shall report the incident to the local media television, radio and print media within 24 hours of becoming aware of the incident.
The report shall include at a minimum the following: 1. Location and cause of spill or major spill;. Corrective action taken to mitigate or reduce the adverse effects of the spill or major spill. The owner of a POTW responsible for a spill or a major spill shall immediately report the incident to the local health department s for the area affected by the incident.
The report shall include at a minimum the same information required in 3 e above. The owner of a POTW responsible for a spill or a major spill shall immediately post a notice as close as possible to where the spill or major spill occurred and where the spill or major spill entered State waters. The notice shall include at a minimum the same information required in 3 e above.
The intent of this requirement is for the POTW to notify citizens, who may come into contact with the affected water, that the spill or the major spill has occurred. The owner shall also post additional notices of the spill or major spill along the portions of the waterway affected by the incident i. These notices shall remain in place for a minimum of seven days after the spill or major spill has ceased. Noncompliance Notification.
If, for any reason, the permittee does not comply with, or will be unable to comply with any effluent limitations specified in the permittee's NPDES permit, the permittee shall provide the Division with an oral report within 24 hours from the time the permittee becomes aware of the circumstances followed by a written report within five 5 days of becoming aware of such condition.
The written submission shall contain the following information: a. A description of the noncompliance and its cause; and. The period of noncompliance, including exact dates and times; or, if not corrected, the anticipated time the noncompliance is expected to continue, and steps being taken to reduce, eliminate, and prevent recurrence of the noncomplying discharge. The noncompliance notification and report may be submitted electronically, as approved or required by the Division.
Emergency Orders. The Director shall have the authority to issue an emergency order pursuant to Section 20 of the Act, and Section 17 a of the Executive Reorganization Act of , as amended. All terms used in this Rule shall be interpreted in accordance with the definitions as set forth in the Act unless otherwise defined in this Paragraph or in any other Rules of this Chapter: a.
Geologic Survey stream gauge, averaged for the entire period of record, and adjusted by comparison to the size of the drainage area in which the discharge is located. It shall be used to calculate instream concentrations of priority pollutants when the effluent concentration is known and to calculate effluent limitations from the instream criteria concentration listed in For constituents and their criteria listed in The dilution factor equations assume a relatively rapid and complex mix.
In situations where this does not occur, the Permittee or EPD may perform field studies to document and describe the mixing zone. The dilution factor in such situations, for the purpose of calculating effluent limitations for chemical constituents, will be determined based on the studies.
If a mixing zone is granted, all criteria and requirements of subsection In situations where the dilution factor equations do not appropriately describe the dilution capacity of receiving waters, such as for discharges to impounded waters or to tidal estuaries, the dilution factor will be determined through field studies or appropriate analytical procedures. Segments will be classified as either a water quality segment or an effluent limitation segment as follows: 1.
Water quality segment. The top of the pool of water in this hole is the water table. The breaking waves of the ocean are just to the right of this hole, and the water level in the hole is the same as the level of the ocean. Of course, the water level here changes by the minute due to the movement of the tides, and as the tide goes up and down, the water level in the hole moves, too.
Just as with this hole, the level of the water table is affected by other environmental conditions. In a way, this hole is like a dug well used to access groundwater, probably saline in this case. But, if this was freshwater, people could grab a bucket an supply themselves with the water they need to live their daily lives.
You know that at the beach if you took a bucket and tried to empty this hole, it would refill immediately because the sand is so permeable that water flows easily through it, meaning our "well" is very "high-yielding" too bad the water is saline. To access freshwater, people have to drill wells deep enough to tap into an aquifer.
The well might have to be dozens or thousands of feet deep. But the concept is the same as our well at the beach—access the water in the saturated zone where the voids in the rock are full of water. In an aquifer, the soil and rock is saturated with water.
If the aquifer is shallow enough and permeable enough to allow water to move through it at a rapid-enough rate, then people can drill wells into it and withdraw water. The level of the water table can naturally change over time due to changes in weather cycles and precipitation patterns, streamflow and geologic changes, and even human-induced changes, such as the increase in impervious surfaces , such as roads and paved areas, on the landscape. The pumping of wells can have a great deal of influence on water levels below ground, especially in the vicinity of the well, as this diagram shows.
Depending on geologic and hydrologic conditions of the aquifer, the impact on the level of the water table can be short-lived or last for decades, and the water level can fall a small amount or many hundreds of feet. Excessive pumping can lower the water table so much that the wells no longer supply water—they can "go dry. As these charts show, even though the amount of water locked up in groundwater is a small percentage of all of Earth's water, it represents a large percentage of total freshwater on Earth.
The pie chart shows that about 1. As the bar chart shows, about 5,, cubic miles mi 3 , or 23,, cubic kilometers km 3 , of groundwater exist on Earth. About 54 percent is saline, with the remaining 2,, mi 3 10,, km 3 , about 46 percent, being freshwater.
Water in aquifers below the oceans is generally saline, while the water below the land surfaces where freshwater, which fell as precipitation, infiltrates into the ground is generally freshwater.
There is a stable transition zone that separates saline water and freshwater below ground. It is fortunate for us that the relatively shallow aquifers that people tap with wells contain freshwater, since if we tried to irrigate corn fields with saline water I suspect the stalks would refuse to grow. Source: Gleick, P. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. Do you think you know about groundwater? Quiz icon made by mynamepong from www.
Multimedia Gallery. Park Passes. Technical Announcements. Employees in the News. Emergency Management. Survey Manual. Earth's water is almost everywhere: above the Earth in the air and clouds and on the surface of the Earth in rivers, oceans, ice, plants, and in living organisms. But did you know that water is also inside the Earth? Read on to learn more. Earth's water is almost everywhere: above the Earth in the air and clouds , on the surface of the Earth in rivers , oceans , ice , plants , in living organisms, and inside the Earth in the top few miles of the ground.
For an estimated explanation of where Earth's water exists, look at this bar chart. You may know that the water cycle describes the movement of Earth's water, so realize that the chart and table below represent the presence of Earth's water at a single point in time. If you check back in a million years, no doubt these numbers will be different! Here is a bar chart showing where all water on, in, and above the Earth exists.
The left-side bar chart shows how almost all of Earth's water is saline and is found in the oceans. Of the small amount that is actually freshwater, only a relatively small portion is available to sustain human, plant, and animal life. Notice how of the world's total water supply of about And, of the total freshwater, over 68 percent is locked up in ice and glaciers. Another 30 percent of freshwater is in the ground. Yet, rivers and lakes are the sources of most of the water people use everyday.
One estimate of global water distribution Percents are rounded, so will not add to The Earth is a watery place. But just how much water exists on, in, and above our planet? Read on to find out. For demonstration we therefore show that, for a given RH, doubling the area of a device from 1 m 2 to 2 m 2 halves the target SY requirement to achieve SMDW for a target population.
Note that the full ZMW panel is approximately 3 m 2. Experimental values for MOFs and sorbents are taken from experiments 3 , 36 0. Values for the Bagheri device 34 assume work instead of heat input; therefore photovoltaic efficiencies were applied when converting from GHI. Maps are produced in ArcGIS Next, we summed the population without access to SMDW segmented by threshold pair using the weighted population image, grouped cumulatively by ophd at whole intervals and shown in Fig.
These reflect key spatio-demographic patterns along similar climatic transitions in the tropics, where the bulk of those living without SMDW live—particularly in the tropical savanna of sub-Saharan Africa and the Ganges River Valley in India. Steep gradients of the human impact of the output mirror those in the coincidence analysis.
Linear SY profiles prioritize performance at low RH, but cap output even in resource-rich climates. Comparing the two target curves demonstrates the expected trade-off between serving more users at low output linear and fewer users at high output logistic. To further explore trade-offs of the SY curve across different values of RH, we plotted SY values from materials and devices in relation to target curves for reaching 0.
We based the target curves on a 1 m 2 device unless otherwise noted, although water output and SY targets scale linearly with device area in sunlight. To demonstrate this, we plotted a version of the 1. The existing devices both follow approximately linear yields across RH below the 0. MOFs and other sorbents show varied results 3 , 36 , although they remain roughly linear.
Figure 4d compares material and device performance side-by-side to show the gap between present capabilities and theoretical limits, although real devices will be subject to losses that will prevent them from fully reaching idealized material performance or theoretical limits.
This study presents initial conclusions—developing detailed SC-AWH design criteria will require further work. A device with a 1 m 2 solar collection area and a SY profile of 0. The shape of the SY curve is critical for SC-AWH to take advantage of coincident humidity and solar energy during key periods of the day, typically during morning and evening hours. Researchers and device inventors can cross-reference Fig.
Recent experiments 4 , 5 , 37 show rapid improvements in multi-cycled sorption material yield, ranging from 0. Advancements in device efficiencies from innovative design architectures 38 and novel high-performance physical sorbents 15 , 17 , 39 , 40 , 41 show promise for increasing SC-AWH output. Individual specific yields from materials experiments or prototypes can be plotted in Fig. Validated device performance in outdoor field conditions and published output tables and are needed for global researchers to advance progress of AWH.
The long-term averaged output of an AWH device is an important but limited metric. Seasonal, weekly and diurnal variability in output will influence user adoption and market viability. Some seasonal profiles are explored in Extended Data Figs. Short periods of shortfall may be supplemented by storage from previous surpluses. Rainfall collection or alternative sources would be required for seasonal shortfall periods, such as those in monsoon climates.
Use of multiple water sources and seasonal switching are well established in the literature, although there may be trade-offs with respect to water quality and contamination 42 , 43 , reinforcing the need for in-depth knowledge of existing water access practices when deploying AWHs, with a focus on household water treatment and safe storage.
The hydro-ecological impacts of AWH for drinking water are probably negligible given the scale of the global atmospheric water budget. Serving all 2. SC-AWH devices have the potential to be low-cost. Most design architectures have few moving parts for example, a slowly rotating sorbent wheel 8 , and can be constructed from widely available components.
New high-volume manufacturing methods for MOFs 45 , 46 have the potential to drastically reduce costs. Technology development is only one part of the complex problem of safe water access; user-centric formative research with a wide variety of end users is critical for ensuring that devices are adopted widely. Our analysis demonstrates that daytime climate conditions may in fact be sufficient for continuous-mode AWH operation in world regions with the highest human need.
This assessment suggests that focusing device design criteria on maximum impact and reducing costs of off-grid production of drinking water at the household scale is a worthwhile effort.
The JMP acts as official custodian of global data on water supply, sanitation and hygiene 2 and assimilates data from administrative data, national census and surveys for individual countries, and maintains a database that can be accessed online through their website. JMP datasets are not geographically linked to official boundary files. Subnational regions reported by the JMP are unstructured, representing various regional administrative levels province, state, district and others.
The JMP national-level survey data is then joined to GADM national admin0 boundaries for countries which have no subnational data available. Finally, the two boundary-joined datasets national and subnational are merged, processed and exported as a seamless global fabric of water-stressed-population data at the highest respective spatial resolutions available Fig. To estimate the SMDW values in subnational regions, a simple cross-multiplication was performed using the splits at the national level:.
This discrepancy comes from JMP calculations of SMDW that rely on the minimum value of multiple drinking water service criteria free from contamination, available when needed and accessible on premise rather than considering whether individual households meet all criteria for SMDW The year was chosen to more closely match water access data from JMP. The percentages reported by JMP are probably not uniform within most regions 57 , introducing an unknown error to Fig.
GHI has good availability in climate datasets and introduces the fewest number of assumptions. Since GHI describes the irradiance in a locally horizontal reference plane, this approximation is only exact for devices having a horizontally oriented solar harvesting area.
Those seeking precise absolute predictions for tilted devices or higher latitudes are encouraged to adapt the provided code to their specific assumptions. As discussed in the main text, solar-driven AWH devices typically have one of two predominant energy inputs: thermal converted directly from incident sunlight on the device or electrical from PV.
The various assumptions are made in relation to the reported values based on their source. For the ZMW device, the table provided by the manufacturer accounts for system losses, so the table values were directly converted in our model For ref. AWH-Geo considers each 1-h timestep independently and is thus stateless. Aside from edge cases, this is a safe assumption for mass efficient SC-AWH devices, which typically have time constants shorter than 1 h, both for sorbent cycling and for most of the thermal time constants.
For devices with longer time constants, batch devices or processes with slow de sorption kinetics, this assumption may introduce increased error, and may require further adaptation of the provided code. The tables are converted into a 3D array image in Google Earth Engine and processed across the climate time-series image collection for the period of interest.
Finally, these AWH output values are composited reduced to a single time-averaged statistic of interest as an image. ERA5-Land surface variables were used in 1-h intervals and 0.
The year analysis period —, inclusive was used for this work, and represents a period long enough to provide a reasonable correction for medium-term interannual climatic variability. RH was calculated from the ambient and dew point temperature parameters in a relationship derived from the August—Roche—Magnus approximation 61 rearranged as:.
The limit it represents applies independent of the process, number of stages, sorbent choice, and so on, as long as heat drives the process. This idealization retains a robust upper bound without bringing in additional parameters.
This is now a function of the three key climate variables: GHI in the first term , ambient temperature in the second and hidden in the third term and RH entering the third term.
This was converted to an output table and processed through the AWH-Geo pipeline and presented in Fig. Higher driving temperatures increase the upper bound for water output. A further assumption is made that new ambient air is efficiently refreshed. Figure 3b maps the maximum yield for active cooler—condensers without recuperation of sensible heat—all given work input and an optimum coefficient of performance of the cooling unit at a condenser temperature that maximizes specific yield as modelled by Peeters 32 , which we digitized from their fig.
Peeters chose to set yield to zero whenever frost formation would be expected on the condenser. The terms of the curve fit are reported in the next section. Custom yellow to blue map colours are based on www. Brewer, Penn State Two simple characteristic equations, linear and logistic, were used to fit a limited set of SY and RH pairs from laboratory experiments or reported values and plotted through AWH-Geo using calculated output tables.
The resulting fitted SY profile is expanded into an output table. As with all reports providing SY values instead of full output tables, this forces an assumption of linearity in heat rate approximately equal to GHI , which may introduce error at lower GHI levels.
Since Bagheri reports the equivalent of kWh PV , we scale to adapt to GHI input with a photovoltaic conversion efficiency as discussed above. The decision for inclusion was made owing to the importance as an early example of a SC-AWH product with commercial intent.
The resulting mean multiplied by 24 represents average hours per day thresholds are met simultaneously, giving ophd.
Below is a functional representation of this time-series calculation:. Zonal statistics were performed on the mean ophd images as integers 0—24 using a grouped image reduction at 1,m scale summing the population integer counts on the population without SMDW distribution image created previously derived from WorldPop.
This reduction was performed at 1, m. The population results were collected as a table feature collection and population was summed cumulatively within stacked ophd zones. These were exported to R for plotting in Fig. To assess the sensitivity of results to the choice of climate and population dataset, we performed a coincidence analysis Fig. The intercomparisons suggest there is negligible sensitivity to the population dataset used, but substantial and systematic sensitivity to the climate dataset used, while all intercomparisons agree in main features and qualitative conclusions.
We speculate that the 3-h timesteps of GLDAS are insufficient to capture the performance-critical humidity and GHI dynamics throughout the day probably morning and evening hours , and, similarly, the km pixels are insufficient to resolve fine-scale climate patterns driven by topographic and other microscale physiographic effects.
This illustrates the importance of using high-resolution climate datasets. To go beyond annual averages and study availability, we introduce a set of metrics we named moving average density 90th percentile MADP The result is a scalar that can be mapped spatially.
Moving-window periods of 1, 7, 30, 60, 90 and days were examined in this study. Extended Data Fig. Each of the P90 values correspond to a version of the MADP90 metric corresponding to a moving window period. The P90 value naturally increases with t in most geographic locations as the PDF tightens its dispersion about the natural P50 mean. Source data are provided with this paper. The software used during the current study is available as follows. Bain, R. Establishing Sustainable Development Goal baselines for household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services.
Water 10 , Article Google Scholar. Hanikel, N.
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